Artificial Intelligence and its History

 What is Artificial Intelligence?

    According to the father of Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.

"Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like humans, think like humans, and be able to make decisions." 

    Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning, reasoning, and solving problems

    AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.

What is AI Technique?

 The data which is available in the real world has following demerits:

 Its volume is huge: The amount of data generated daily is growing exponentially. An estimated 2.5 quintillion bytes of data is produced every day (that’s 2.5 followed by 18 zeros!). The AI programs/machines must process this large amounts of data which is obtained from everywhere to arrive at the required result.  

It is unorganized: The data available on the real world is not organized and it is un formatted which is not useful. Before using the available data it must be orgainzed and formatted in a particular manner.

 It keeps changing: The real world is not a constant world, it is dynamis so does the data we get from the real world. Since the AI programs/machine must work in the real world it is very difficult to process the changing data.

AI Technique allows us to organize the available data and use the knowledge efficiently so that

•  It must be understood by the people who provide it.
•  It must be easily modifiable to correct errors.
•  It must be useful in many scenarios though it is incomplete or inaccurate.

History of Artificial Intelligence:

S.No	Year	Milestones
1	1943	The model of artificial neurons was proposed by Warren McCulloch and Walter.
2	1949	Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for the modification of connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
3	1950	The Alan Turing a mathematician published "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test for machines intelligence. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence and the test is called the Turing test.
4	1950	Claude Shannon published Detailed Analysis of Chess Playing as a search.
5	1955	An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the first artificial intelligence program Which was named as "Logic Theorist".
6	1956	The word "Artificial Intelligence" was first adopted by American Computer scientist John McCarthy.
7	1958	John McCarthy develops the LISP programming language used in AI.
8	1964	Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers can understand natural language to solve algebra problems.
9	1966	Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT created the first chatbot which was named ELIZA.
10	1966-72	Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot, equipped with locomotion, perception, and problem solving.
11	1972	The first intelligent humanoid robot WABOT was built in Japan.
12	1970-73	Freddy the robot was the world’s first thinking robot to combine a seeing eye and feeling hand. Freddy was built in the early 1970s, by researchers at the Department of Artificial Intelligence (AI), University of Edinburgh.
13	1960-80	The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built.
14	1980	The concept of "Expert System" was introduced. Expert systems were programmes that emulated the decision-making ability of a human expert.
15	1990	Major development in the area of AI:  Significant demonstrations in machine learning  Case-based reasoning  Multi-agent planning  Scheduling  Data mining, Web Crawler  natural language understanding and translation  Vision, Virtual Reality
16	1997	IBM Deep Blue beat world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
17	2002	AI enabled vacuum cleaner Roomba was introduced as household equipment.
18	2011	IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it solved the complex questions and riddles. Watson demonstrated the capabilities of natural language processing.
19	2012	Google has launched an Android and IOS app feature "Google now", which could predict the information that user might need based on the search habits and other factors.
20	2014	Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous "Turing test."
21	2018	The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with master debaters.
22	2020	Alphafold – protein folding Google subsidiary DeepMind announced that its AI had cracked a problem that had been challenging the scientific community for more than 50 years – namely, predicting the results of protein folding. This is the biological process that governs the way proteins create new copies of themselves.

Difference between programming with AI(AI Machines) and programming without AI(NON AI Machines)

  

 In the below table you can see the difference between the machines which work based on artificial Intellegence and machines which are not AI enabled.

    From the table it is understood that machines which are built based on artificial intelligence are far more better than the non AI machines.

S.No	Programming With AI	Programming Without AI
1	A computer program with AI answers the generic questions.	A computer program without AI answers only the specific questions.
2	Modifications in AI programs do not change its structure because it consists of independent information.	Modification in the program leads to change in its structure.
3	Programs can be easily modified because of lower coupling.	Program modification is difficult because of higher coupling.
4	AI programs are trained with data and algorithms.	Non AI programs do not need training data, they work on algorithms only.
5	AI programs learn from their experience and improve in the next iteration.	Non AI programs work on fixed algorithms and they always work with the same level of efficiency.
6	AI programs output changes based on the input.	Non-AI programs work on a fixed set of inputs and produce fixed output.
7	AI programs can analyze the situation and can make decisions accordingly.	Non AI programs cannot make decisions on their own.
8	AI programs are suitable for a dynamic environment where the problem domain keeps changing.	Non AI programs are suitable for static environments where problem domains do not change.
9	To run AI programs high configuration computers are required.	We can run non AI programs even in low configuration computers also.
10	AI programs must predict lot of possible outcomes based on the environment in which it is operating	Non AI programs have a definite number of outcomes based on the given input.