1. A file in an operating system is:
A) A collection of programs
B) A collection of related information stored on secondary storage
C) A process in execution
D) A memory block
B) A collection of related information stored on secondary storage
2. Which of the following is NOT a file attribute?
A) Name
B) Size
C) Priority
D) Protection
C) Priority
3. Which file access method accesses records sequentially?
A) Direct access
B) Indexed access
C) Sequential access
D) Hashed access
C) Sequential access
4. Which file access method allows accessing records in any order?
A) Sequential access
B) Direct access
C) Serial access
D) Linear access
B) Direct access
5. Which of the following file allocation methods suffers from external fragmentation?
A) Contiguous allocation
B) Linked allocation
C) Indexed allocation
D) FAT allocation
A) Contiguous allocation
6. Which file allocation method eliminates external fragmentation?
A) Contiguous allocation
B) Linked allocation
C) Indexed allocation
D) Both B and C
D) Both B and C
7. Which allocation method uses a pointer to the next block?
A) Contiguous
B) Indexed
C) Linked
D) Hashed
C) Linked
8. FAT is an example of:
A) Contiguous allocation
B) Linked allocation
C) Indexed allocation
D) Hashed allocation
B) Linked allocation
9. Indexed allocation uses:
A) Linked list of blocks
B) Index block containing pointers
C) Contiguous blocks
D) File allocation table
B) Index block containing pointers
10. Which directory structure allows files with same name in different directories?
A) Single-level directory
B) Two-level directory
C) Tree-structured directory
D) Both B and C
D) Both B and C
11. Which directory structure supports hierarchical organization?
A) Single-level
B) Two-level
C) Tree-structured
D) Flat directory
C) Tree-structured
12. Which directory structure allows sharing of files?
A) Tree-structured
B) Acyclic graph directory
C) Single-level directory
D) Two-level directory
B) Acyclic graph directory
13. Which directory structure may cause cycles?
A) Tree-structured
B) Two-level directory
C) Acyclic graph directory
D) General graph directory
D) General graph directory
14. Which file system protection mechanism uses read, write, execute permissions?
A) Access control list
B) Capability list
C) UNIX protection scheme
D) Password protection
C) UNIX protection scheme
15. Which file system uses inodes?
A) FAT
B) NTFS
C) UNIX
D) ext3
C) UNIX
16. An inode stores:
A) File name
B) File content
C) File metadata and block addresses
D) Directory structure
C) File metadata and block addresses
17. Hard links in UNIX:
A) Point to inode
B) Point to file name
C) Are symbolic references
D) Cannot share files
A) Point to inode
18. Symbolic links differ from hard links because they:
A) Share inode
B) Point to file name
C) Cannot cross file systems
D) Increase reference count
B) Point to file name
19. Which operation removes a file entry but keeps data until links exist?
A) open
B) close
C) delete
D) unlink
D) unlink
20. File sharing among users is controlled by:
A) CPU scheduler
B) File permissions
C) Disk scheduling
D) Paging
B) File permissions
21. Which file allocation method is best for random access?
A) Contiguous
B) Linked
C) Indexed
D) Sequential
C) Indexed
22. Which directory structure is simplest?
A) Tree-structured
B) Two-level
C) Single-level
D) Acyclic graph
C) Single-level
23. Which file system operation moves file pointer?
A) open
B) close
C) read
D) seek
D) seek
24. Which allocation method wastes space for small files?
A) Contiguous
B) Linked
C) Indexed
D) FAT
C) Indexed
25. Which of the following best describes a directory?
A) A special type of file
B) A memory segment
C) A process
D) A disk scheduler
A) A special type of file